Nor gate project pdf

In this new coding we made the output of the conventional nand gate coincide with the proposed nand gate. Design of basic logic gates using nor gate not, or and. Leds as indicator used to show output level high1 or low0. Iec 61712 and its successor iec 606172 do not include the distinctive shape symbols. Key topics presented in logic gates class 12 physics investigatory. That means we get an inverted output of or gate out of a nor gate. The exclusiveor gate is abbreviated as exor gate or sometime as xor gate. Friends, heres a great physics investigatory project for class 12 students. Twolevel digital circuit implementations using universal gates only. The nor gate output is equal to the inverse of the or gate. Nand and nor gates can be used to realize all possible combinational logic functions. When both the inputs of the nor gate are connected to 0 volts, then the. Realization of logic functions with the help of universal gates nor gate.

Nor gate is actually a combination of two logic gates. This is a very simple nor gate circuit construction using a pair of diodes and a transistor. Logic nor gate tutorial with logic nor gate truth table. This basic logic gate is the combination of and and not gate. Introduction to logic gates not, and, nand, or, nor. How a logic circuit implemented with aoi logic gates could be reimplemented using only nor gates that using a single gate type, in this case nor, will reduce the. Light detector project using nand gate turn on the. The term nor is a contraction of notor and implies an or function with an inverted output.

The output of an or gate assumes 0, if both inputs assumes 0. Describe and, or or nand, nor logic gates realize logic gates belonging to different logic families such as dtl, ttl and cmos understand the factors that define the performance of a logic gate. This is a notand gate which is equal to an and gate followed by a not gate. Sep 07, 2015 the word nor gate is just an short form of the not and or gate combination. Ttl nor and or gates logic gates electronics textbook. This circuit is similar to an or gate circuit, except that the output is connected to the collector of both transistors and the emitter of each transistor is connected to ground. Hence a nor gate is made up from a or gate which is followed by an inverter. The diagrams below show two ways that the nand logic gate can be configured to produce a not gate. The project uses normally open pushbuttons to control the input circuits. Remove the function generator connection and one of the nand gates. It produces a 1 output only when its two inputs are equal i.

Several kinds of digital logic circuits are the basic elements that form the building blocks for such complex digital system as the. May 18, 2018 12 investigatory project on logic gate certificate acknowledgement content introduction principal basic gate the or gate the and gate the not gate the nor gate the nand gate the exor gate the ex. This in turns brings the overall wl ratio of the conventional nand gate at the load equal to the wl ratio of the proposed nand gate. In order to turn this nor gate circuit into an or gate, we would have to invert the output logic level with another transistor stage, just like we did with the nandtoand gate example. Logic gates not, or, and, nor, nand, xor, xnor gate, pdf. The gate is either a nand or an ex or gate b nor or an exnor gate c an or or an ex nor gate d an and or an exor gate. A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a boolean. For any other combination of inputs, the output is logic 0 level. Aim to study about logic gates introduction logic gates are. The nor gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical nor it behaves according to the. The nor gate represents the complement of the or operation. Realizing the truth table of a 2input and gate, and analyzing the path of the current in four cases. A high output 1 results if both the inputs to the gate are low 0. They are used in digital electronics to change on voltage level input voltage into another output voltage.

The standard symbol for the nor gate is the same as the or gate. Logic gate actually the term logic is applied to digital circuits used to implement logic functions. These gates are the and, or, not, nand, nor, exor and exnor. Thus operation of an and gate is based on the rule. Jun 19, 2019 nor gate is the combination of not gate and or gate.

Nor gate is the combination of not gate and or gate. The output y is voltage at c with respect to earth. As a nor gate is equivalent to an or gate leading to not gate, this automatically sees to the or part of the nor gate, eliminating it from consideration and leaving only the not part. The output of a logic gate is 1 when all its input are at logic 0. How to implement not, and, and or gate using nor gates only. The nor gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical nor it behaves according to the truth table to the right.

Dec 17, 2019 a not gate is a logical gate which only inverts the input digital signal. The design is very similar to the transistor gates shown in this multipart article. A not gate is a logical gate which only inverts the input digital signal. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate. Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical functions on one or more inputs to produce one output. Pdf implementation of nor gate by a chaotic chuas circuit.

It produces a 1 output only when even number of 1 is present at the input. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions false high or true low. Mar 30, 2020 picture of our logic gate project logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches. In fact, an and gate is typically implemented as a nand gate followed by an. We have made three basic logic gate using diode and npn transistor. It is simply a not gate connected ahead of an or gate. A nor gate sometimes referred to by its extended name, negated or gate is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output with behavior that is the opposite of an or gate. The output of an or gate assumes 1, if one or more inputs assumes 1. Circuit for measuring ttl gate response by method i. Picture of our logic gate project logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches. Also connect the output of the seventh gate to the oscilloscope. However, because of the schmitt action, the inputs have different input threshold levels for positive and negativegoing signals. The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.

If at least one of the inputs is high, the output is low. Doc physics project theory logic gates class 12 cbse. Universal gate nor now i will demonstrate the basic function of the nor gate. The output is logic 1 level, only when each of its inputs assumes a logic 0 level. So in calculators, computers and many digital applications use this gate.

In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a. Nor is the result of the negation of the or operator. The symbol of or gate is similar to or gate but one bubble is drawn at the output point of the or gate in the case of or gate nor gate means not an or gate which means output of this gate is just reverse of that of a similar or gate. To acquaint yourself with the properties of and, nand, nor, and exclusiveor gates, the application of boolean algebra to digital. A not gate always have high or logical 1 output when its input is low or logical 0. X y z invertand a singleinput nor gate is an inverter, too. Logic gates class 12 physics investigatory project report. A logic gate is a building block of a digital circuit. Verification and interpretation of truth tables for and, or, not, nand, nor exclusive or exor, exclusive nor exnor gates apparatus.

This is why, a not gate sometimes is referred as an inverter not to be confused with a power inverter. The output of an and gate assumes 1, only if all the inputs assume 1. B the gate only gives output when both the switches a and b are closed. How an nor gate can be using to replace an and gate, an or gate or an inverter gate. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output and are based on boolean algebra. When all the input combinations of a logic gate are. Light detector project using nand gate turn on the caption. Connect the output of the seventh gate back to one of the inputs on the first gate as shown below. When power is applied to this circuit, both inputs initially will be low, and the output will be high. The graphic symbol for the nor gate consists of an or symbol with a bubble on the output, denoting that a complement operation is performed on the output of the or gate. In a nor gate an or gate is inverted through a not gate. Schematic diagram illustration instructions the 4001 integrated circuit is a cmos quad nor gate, identical in input, output, and power supply pin assignments to the 4011 quad nand gate.

If one or more of a nor gates inputs are true, then the output of the nor gate is false the truth table for a nor gate with two inputs. Not gate is a digital logic gate, designed for arithmetic and logical operations, every electronic student must have studied this gate is hisher career. The output of this gate is high, only when all input voltages are low. Basic logic gates types, functions, truth table, boolean. Basic logic gates and, or, and not gates objectives. In practice, this is advantageous since nand and nor gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all ic digital logic families. Physics investigatory project class 12 on topic logic gates. So the output is 1 only when both the inputs are zero i. Physics investigatory project class 12 logic gates slideshare.

Quadruple positivenor gates with schmitttrigger inputs. The outputs of all nand gates are high if any of the inputs are low. Thus operation of or gate is based on the following rules. The simplified and gate shown above has two inputs, switch a and b. Ee 307 cmos nand gates for f04 mohat project vdd 1 0 2. Aim to study about logic gates introduction logic gates. The truth table and the graphic symbol of nor gate is shown in the. This diagram shows how to make a simple dtl circuit that has the same function as a nor gate. Verify the transfer characteristic of the tll nand, mosfet nand, and mosfet nor gates with pspice use dc sweep analysis to sweep the input voltage with the inputs tied together. Logic nor gate tutorial the logic nor gate gate is a combination of the digital logic or gate and an inverter or not gate connected together in series the inclusive nor notor gate has an output that is normally at logic level 1 and only goes low to logic level 0 when any of its inputs are at logic level 1. You can build a twotransistor nor gate by following the steps outlined in this project. Sep 12, 2015 nor gate is a digital logic gate, designed for arithmetic and logical operations. We know that output an or gate is 0 only when all inputs of or gate is 0.

I have attached the complete project report for your reference and you can download it for free here. Actually an inverted or operation is nor operation and the logic gate performs this operation is called nor gate. Either the nand gate or the nor gate is a universal gate, which can be used to construct all other logic gates. Logic gates class 12 physics investigatory project.

This type of digital logic gate produces a high output only if two binary results are satisfied by a zero or low input. It can also in some senses be seen as the inverse of an and gate. Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. This gate is mainly used in applications where there is a need for mathematical calculations. If one or more of a nor gate s inputs are true, then the output of the nor gate is false. Realizing the truth table of a 2input nand gate, and analyzing the path of the current in four cases. Compare a typical nand gate to a nand gate with crosscoupled nmos transistors. The word nor gate is just an short form of the not and or gate combination. The output of a nor gate is true all of its inputs are false. It can also be done using nor logic gates in the same way. The bulb q will only light if both switches are closed. What is logic gate and, or, xor, not, nand, nor and xnor. Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the. The nor gate has two inputs x and y, and a single output z.

Explain the logic nor gate and its operation and how it. Resources project of the he academy engineering subject centre. Pdf the implementation of nor gate by a chaotic chuas circuit was discussed. In these devices, each circuit functions as a quadruple nor gate. The truth table and equivalent gate circuit an invertedoutput nor gate are shown here. Transistors, mosfets and other devices can also be used in the construction of and gates. But in the case of nor gate the output is 1 only when all inputs. Realizing the truth table of a 2input nor gate, and analyzing the path of current in four cases.

This was achieved by changing the w for nmoss in conventional nand gate from 50 to 100. If we connect the output y of or gate to the input of a not gate, then the gate obtained is the nor gate. May 24, 2014 logic gates and, or, not, nor, nand, xor, xnor gates. A standard logic symbol for a 2input nor gate and the equivalent or gate followed by an inverter are shown in fig 1. How a logic circuit implemented with aoi logic gates could be reimplemented using only nor gates that using a single gate type, in this case nor, will reduce the number of integrated circuits ic required to. Component 12 in boolean expression, the nor gate is expressed as. Nor gate is a digital logic gate, designed for arithmetic and logical operations. The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof electrical circuit. The three gates or, and and not, when connected in various combinations, give us basic logic gates such as nand, nor gates, which are the universal building blocks of digital circuits. Pressing either one of the switches causes that switchs input.

It can be used in the half adder, full adder and subtractor. The cmos inverter or not gate is the simplest of the many boolean function that. The project may be your first insight into life in a physics research group and be a chance to see. Design of basic logic gates using nor gate not, or and and.